{
  "version": "v1",
  "generated": "2026-09-08",
  "lastVerified": null,
  "licence": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)",
  "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "Stackmark — stackmark.co",
  "self": "https://stackmark.co/api/v1/industries.json",
  "fields": [
    "slug",
    "lede",
    "keyModules"
  ],
  "count": 21,
  "data": [
    {
      "slug": "advertising-and-media",
      "lede": "Work is sold as projects and retainers with pass-through costs the client is billed for and the agency never keeps, so gross billings and net revenue are different numbers and only one of them is the business. Talent and freelance cost sits against the same job as media spend, rebates and rights fees arrive late, and revenue is recognised as the campaign runs rather than when it is invoiced.",
      "keyModules": "project-management; financial-management; procurement; business-intelligence"
    },
    {
      "slug": "aerospace-and-defense",
      "lede": "Programmes run for years against fixed contracts, so the ledger has to hold cost by contract line and by work package as well as by account, and report progress the way the customer's auditors expect it. Serialised parts carry a configuration history from supplier to airframe, and export-control rules decide who may see a record at all.",
      "keyModules": "project-management; quality-management; manufacturing-management; supply-chain-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "automotive",
      "lede": "Tier suppliers ship to a release schedule the customer controls, exchange forecasts and call-offs by EDI, and are penalised by the hour when a line stops. Part revisions, packaging specifications and tooling amortisation all have to be visible from the same order, and quality records are expected to trace a defect back to a heat number.",
      "keyModules": "manufacturing-management; supply-chain-management; quality-management; warehouse-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chemicals",
      "lede": "Product is made in batches whose properties vary, sold by weight or volume, and stored under rules about what may sit next to what. Formulas carry hazard classes and regulatory documents that must travel with every shipment, and yield differences between batches flow straight into cost of goods.",
      "keyModules": "manufacturing-management; quality-management; inventory-management; supply-chain-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "construction",
      "lede": "Every job is its own profit centre with its own budget, subcontracts, retentions and change orders, and the question the finance team is asked weekly is cost-to-complete by job. Progress billing, certified payroll on public work and equipment charged out by the hour are ordinary requirements here and unusual almost everywhere else.",
      "keyModules": "project-management; financial-management; procurement; asset-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "education",
      "lede": "Institutions account by fund and by fiscal year that does not follow the calendar, take in restricted gifts and grants with their own reporting, and run procurement under public or charitable rules. Payroll covers salaried faculty, hourly staff and student workers under different contracts at once.",
      "keyModules": "financial-management; hr-payroll; procurement; project-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "energy",
      "lede": "Assets are large, long-lived and regulated, so maintenance history, depreciation and the compliance record for a single piece of plant have to reconcile. Joint ventures split costs and revenues by ownership share, field crews work far from a network, and commodity prices move the value of inventory between periods.",
      "keyModules": "asset-management; field-service; project-management; financial-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "fashion",
      "lede": "The same style exists in a matrix of colours and sizes, is sold across seasons with a short life, and moves through wholesale, own retail and online channels with different prices and returns behaviour. Buying happens long before selling, so open-to-buy and season-level margin matter more than a single product's cost.",
      "keyModules": "inventory-management; ecommerce; warehouse-management; supply-chain-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "financial-services",
      "lede": "The core systems of record sit elsewhere; the finance system's job is consolidation, regulatory reporting and the control environment around both. Many legal entities, intercompany flows and a close that regulators watch mean the audit trail, approval workflow and reporting cadence are the substance of the evaluation.",
      "keyModules": "financial-management; business-intelligence; procurement; hr-payroll"
    },
    {
      "slug": "food-and-beverage",
      "lede": "Product expires, so lots are picked in date order and recalled by lot when something goes wrong, and the recall test is how fast the system produces the full forward and backward trace. Recipes scale with yield loss, catch weights make the invoiced quantity differ from the ordered one, and customer-specific labelling is routine.",
      "keyModules": "manufacturing-management; quality-management; inventory-management; warehouse-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "healthcare",
      "lede": "Providers run supply chains for consumables and implants alongside a workforce scheduled around the clock, with payers, grants and patient revenue arriving through different systems. Privacy rules shape who may see what in the finance system, and capital equipment is tracked for both depreciation and clinical compliance.",
      "keyModules": "procurement; inventory-management; hr-payroll; asset-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "life-sciences",
      "lede": "Validated systems are the norm: a change to the software is itself a regulated event with documentation, and electronic records and signatures have to meet the applicable rules. Batches carry genealogy and quality status, clinical and research spend is tracked by study, and inventory may be held in quarantine until released.",
      "keyModules": "quality-management; manufacturing-management; project-management; inventory-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "manufacturing",
      "lede": "The bill of materials, routing and work order are the centre of the system, and the finance question is whether standard, actual or average cost is what the plant can actually maintain. Discrete, process and mixed-mode plants need different scheduling and costing behaviour, and shop-floor data collection decides whether variances are real.",
      "keyModules": "manufacturing-management; inventory-management; supply-chain-management; quality-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nonprofit",
      "lede": "Fund accounting is the whole point: donations and grants carry restrictions on how and when they are spent, and every report has to prove the restriction was honoured. Grant budgets run on the funder's calendar, indirect cost allocation follows written rules, and the annual report to the board and the regulator is built from the same ledger.",
      "keyModules": "financial-management; project-management; procurement; business-intelligence"
    },
    {
      "slug": "pharmaceuticals",
      "lede": "Manufacturing is under good-practice regulation from raw material to finished dose, so batch records, deviations and release status live in the same transaction the ledger costs. Serialisation for track-and-trace, controlled-substance handling and rebate accounting against wholesalers and payers add requirements few other industries have.",
      "keyModules": "quality-management; manufacturing-management; supply-chain-management; inventory-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "professional-services",
      "lede": "The inventory is people's time, so resource planning, timesheets and project accounting are the operational core and revenue is recognised as work is delivered, on fixed-fee, time-and-materials or retainer terms. Utilisation and realisation by practice are the management figures, and the month-end close depends on the billing run.",
      "keyModules": "project-management; financial-management; hr-payroll; crm"
    },
    {
      "slug": "public-sector",
      "lede": "Budgets are legal limits, not plans: encumbrance accounting commits funds at order, spending is reported by fund and programme, and procurement follows statutory thresholds and public tendering. Fiscal years, grant reporting and transparency requirements shape the chart of accounts and the approval chain.",
      "keyModules": "financial-management; procurement; hr-payroll; asset-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "retail",
      "lede": "Thousands of items move through stores, warehouses and a web shop with promotions, markdowns and returns changing the margin daily, and the finance system has to absorb point-of-sale and marketplace transactions at volume. Replenishment, allocation and omnichannel order routing are as much finance questions as operations ones.",
      "keyModules": "inventory-management; ecommerce; warehouse-management; crm"
    },
    {
      "slug": "software",
      "lede": "Revenue is subscription, usage or a mix, recognised over time under rules that make the contract, not the invoice, the unit of accounting. Deferred revenue, multi-element arrangements, renewals and usage billing have to reconcile to the CRM and the billing platform, and the metrics the board reads are derived from all three.",
      "keyModules": "financial-management; crm; business-intelligence; project-management"
    },
    {
      "slug": "transportation-and-logistics",
      "lede": "Revenue is earned shipment by shipment across carriers, lanes and legs, and the cost of a movement often arrives weeks after the customer has been invoiced, so accruals and settlement carry the margin. Assets are fleets with their own maintenance and depreciation, fuel and surcharges move prices between quote and invoice, and each border adds a customs and tax treatment of its own.",
      "keyModules": "asset-management; financial-management; supply-chain-management; field-service"
    },
    {
      "slug": "wholesale",
      "lede": "Margin is made in buying and in the warehouse: supplier rebates, landed cost, customer-specific pricing and thousands of small orders shipped the same day. Demand planning, backorder handling and the accuracy of available-to-promise decide whether the sales desk can answer a customer without a phone call to the floor.",
      "keyModules": "inventory-management; warehouse-management; procurement; supply-chain-management"
    }
  ]
}